Judge Requires Band Not to Play How Great Thou Art
The Music for the Requiem Mass is any music that accompanies the Requiem, a Mass in the Catholic Church for the deceased. It has inspired a large number of compositions, including settings past Mozart, Berlioz, Donizetti, Verdi, Bruckner, Dvořák, Fauré and Duruflé. Originally, such compositions were meant to be performed in liturgical service, with monophonic dirge. Eventually the dramatic character of the text began to appeal to composers to an extent that they made the requiem a genre of its own, and the compositions of composers such as Verdi are essentially concert pieces rather than liturgical works.
Common texts [edit]
The following are the texts that have been set to music. Note that the Libera Me and the In Paradisum are not part of the text of the Catholic Mass for the Expressionless itself, simply a role of the burial rite that immediately follows. In Paradisum was traditionally said or sung as the trunk left the church, and the Libera Me is said/sung at the burial site before interment. These became included in musical settings of the Requiem in the 19th century equally composers began to care for the form more liberally.
Introit [edit]
From 4 Esdras 2:34–35; Psalm 65:1-2
| Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: | Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord, |
Kyrie eleison [edit]
This is as the Kyrie in the Ordinary of the Mass:
| Kyrie, eleison. | Lord, have mercy. |
This is Greek (Κύριε ἐλέησον, Χριστὲ ἐλέησον, Κύριε ἐλέησον). Each utterance is sung three times, though sometimes that is not the instance when sung polyphonically.
Gradual [edit]
From 4 Esdras 2:34–35; Psalm 111:half-dozen
| Requiem æternam dona eis, Domine: | Eternal rest give unto them, O Lord; |
Tract [edit]
| Absolve, Domine, | Absolve, O Lord, |
Sequence [edit]
A sequence is a liturgical poem sung, when used, later on the Tract (or Alleluia, if present). The sequence employed in the Requiem, Dies irae, attributed to Thomas of Celano (c. 1200 – c. 1260–1270), has been called "the greatest of hymns", worthy of "supreme adoration".[1] The Latin text is included in the Requiem Mass in the 1962 Roman Missal. An early on English version was translated by William Josiah Irons in 1849.
Offertory [edit]
| Domine Iesu Christe, Rex gloriæ, | Lord Jesus Christ, King of celebrity, |
| Hostias et preces tibi, Domine, | We offer to Thee, O Lord, |
Sanctus [edit]
This is as the Sanctus prayer in the Ordinary of the Mass:
| Sanctus, Sanctus, Sanctus Benedictus qui venit in nomine Domini. | Holy, holy, holy, Blessed is He Who cometh in the Name of the Lord. |
Agnus Dei [edit]
This is every bit the Agnus Dei in the Ordinary of the Mass, but with the petitions miserere nobis changed to dona eis requiem, and dona nobis pacem to dona eis requiem sempiternam:[2]
| Agnus Dei, qui tollis peccata mundi: dona eis requiem. | Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, grant them rest. |
Lux æterna [edit]
| Lux æterna luceat eis, Domine: | May calorie-free eternal shine upon them, O Lord, |
Equally mentioned above, in that location is no Gloria, Alleluia or Credo in these musical settings.
Pie Jesu [edit]
Some extracts too have been ready independently to music, such equally Pie Jesu in the settings of Dvořák, Fauré, Duruflé and John Rutter.
The Pie Jesu consists of the concluding words of the Dies irae followed past the concluding words of the Agnus Dei.
| Pie Jesu Domine, dona eis requiem. | Merciful Lord Jesus, grant them rest; |
Musical Requiem settings sometimes include passages from the "Absolution at the bier" (Absolutio advertizing feretrum) or "Commendation of the dead person" (referred to also as the Absolution of the dead), which in the case of a funeral, follows the determination of the Mass.
Libera me [edit]
| Libera me, Domine, de morte æterna, in die illa tremenda: | Evangelize me, O Lord, from death eternal in that awful day. |
In paradisum [edit]
| In paradisum deducant te Angeli: | May the Angels pb thee into paradise: |
History of musical compositions [edit]
For many centuries the texts of the requiem were sung to Gregorian melodies. The Requiem by Johannes Ockeghem, written sometime in the later half of the 15th century, is the earliest surviving polyphonic setting. There was a setting past the elder composer Dufay, maybe earlier, which is now lost: Ockeghem'south may accept been modelled on it.[3] Many early compositions employ different texts that were in use in different liturgies effectually Europe earlier the Council of Trent set down the texts given in a higher place. The requiem of Brumel, circa 1500, is the kickoff to include the Dies Iræ. In the early polyphonic settings of the Requiem, there is considerable textural contrast inside the compositions themselves: unproblematic chordal or fauxbourdon-like passages are contrasted with other sections of contrapuntal complexity, such as in the Offertory of Ockeghem'due south Requiem.[3]
In the 16th century, more and more composers fix the Requiem mass. In contrast to practice in setting the Mass Ordinary, many of these settings used a cantus-firmus technique, something which had go quite archaic past mid-century. In improver, these settings used less textural contrast than the early settings by Ockeghem and Brumel, although the vocal scoring was frequently richer, for example in the six-voice Requiem by Jean Richafort which he wrote for the death of Josquin des Prez.[iii] Other composers before 1550 include Pedro de Escobar, Antoine de Févin, Cristóbal Morales, and Pierre de La Rue; that by La Rue is probably the second oldest, after Ockeghem'due south.
Over 2,000 Requiem compositions have been composed to the nowadays day. Typically the Renaissance settings, especially those not written on the Iberian Peninsula, may exist performed a cappella (i.east. without necessary accompanying instrumental parts), whereas beginning around 1600 composers more often preferred to use instruments to accompany a choir, and too include vocal soloists. In that location is great variation between compositions in how much of liturgical text is prepare to music.
Nigh composers omit sections of the liturgical prescription, virtually frequently the Gradual and the Tract. Fauré omits the Dies iræ, while the very same text had ofttimes been prepare by French composers in previous centuries every bit a stand-solitary work.
Sometimes composers divide an item of the liturgical text into two or more than movements; because of the length of its text, the Dies iræ is the about frequently divided section of the text (as with Mozart, for example). The Introit and Kyrie, beingness immediately side by side in the actual Roman Cosmic liturgy, are often composed every bit i movement.
Musico-thematic relationships among movements within a Requiem tin be plant as well.
Requiem in concert [edit]
Beginning in the 18th century and continuing through the 19th, many composers wrote what are finer concert works, which by virtue of employing forces besides large, or lasting such a considerable elapsing, forbid them beingness readily used in an ordinary funeral service; the requiems of Gossec, Berlioz, Verdi, and Dvořák are essentially dramatic concert oratorios. A counter-reaction to this trend came from the Cecilian motion, which recommended restrained accompaniment for liturgical music, and frowned upon the use of operatic song soloists.
Notable compositions [edit]
Many composers have equanimous a Requiem. Some of the most notable include the following (in chronological order):
- Ockeghem: Requiem, the primeval to survive, written in the mid-to-belatedly 15th century
- Morales: Two notable requiems: Officium defunctorum (ca. 1526–28) and Missa pro defunctis (1544).
- Guerrero: Requiem (Missa pro defunctis), 1582.
- Victoria: Requiem of 1603 (part of a longer Function for the Dead)
- Zelenka: Requiem in D Minor ZWV 48 After Augustus the Strong Circa 1730
- Mozart: Requiem, M. 626 (1791: Mozart died before its completion; Franz Xaver Süssmayr's completion is often used)
- Salieri: Requiem (1804) (played at his funeral on May vii, 1825)
- Cherubini: Requiem in C minor (1815) and Requiem in D pocket-size (1836)
- Berlioz: Grande Messe des morts (1837)
- Verdi: Messa da Requiem (1874)
- Saint-Saëns: Messe de Requiem (1878)
- Dvořák: Requiem, Op. 89 (1890)
- Fauré: Requiem, Op. 48 (1890)
- Delius: Requiem (1916)
- Duruflé: Requiem, Op. 9, based near exclusively on the chants from the Graduale Romanum (1947)
- Britten: War Requiem, Op. 66, which incorporated poems by Wilfred Owen (1962)
- Stravinsky: Requiem Canticles (1966)
- Penderecki: Polish Requiem (1984, revised 1993 and 2005)
- Lloyd Webber: Requiem (1985)
- Rutter: Requiem, includes Psalm 130, Psalm 23 and words from the Book of Mutual Prayer (1985)
Other composers [edit]
Renaissance [edit]
- Giovanni Francesco Anerio
- Gianmatteo Asola
- Giulio Belli
- Antoine Brumel
- Manuel Cardoso
- Giovanni Cavaccio
- Joan Cererols
- Pierre Certon
- Clemens non Papa
- Guillaume Dufay (lost)
- Pedro de Escobar
- Antoine de Févin
- Francisco Guerrero
- Jacobus de Kerle
- Orlande de Lassus
- Duarte Lobo
- Jean Maillard
- Jacques Mauduit
- Manuel Mendes
- Cristóbal de Morales
- Johannes Ockeghem (the primeval to survive)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
- Pietro Pontio (ii for four voices—both incomplete—and one for five low voices)
- Costanzo Porta
- Johannes Prioris
- Jean Richafort
- Pedro Rimonte
- Pierre de la Rue
- Claudin de Sermisy
- Jacobus Vaet
- Tomás Luis de Victoria
Baroque [edit]
- Giovanni Francesco Anerio
- Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber
- André Campra
- Marc-Antoine Charpentier
- Johann Joseph Fux
- Jean Gilles
- Antonio Lotti (Requiem in F Major)
- Benedetto Marcello (Requiem in the Venetian Manner)
- Claudio Monteverdi (lost)
- Michael Praetorius
- Heinrich Schütz
- Andrzej Siewiński
- Jan Dismas Zelenka
Classical period [edit]
- Luigi Cherubini
- Domenico Cimarosa (1787)
- Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf
- Joseph Leopold Eybler
- Florian Leopold Gassmann
- François-Joseph Gossec
- Johann Adolf Hasse
- Michael Haydn
- Georg von Pasterwitz
- Joseph Martin Kraus
- Andrea Lucchesi
- Giovanni Battista Martini
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1791)
- José Maurício Nunes Garcia
- Ignaz Pleyel
- Antonio Salieri
- Václav Tomášek
- Osip Kozlovsky
Romantic era [edit]
- Hector Berlioz (1837)
- João Domingos Bomtempo
- Johannes Brahms (1865–68)
- Anton Bruckner, Requiem in D small [iv]
- Ferruccio Busoni
- Carl Czerny
- Gaetano Donizetti: Requiem in D minor (for Bellini)
- Antonín Dvořák
- Gabriel Fauré
- Charles Gounod
- Asger Hamerik
- Franz Lachner
- Franz Liszt
- Giacomo Puccini [Introit only]
- Max Reger, Hebbel Requiem, Lateinisches Requiem (fragment)
- Antonín Rejcha
- Robert Schumann
- Franz von Suppé (1855)
- Charles Villiers Stanford
- Giuseppe Verdi (1874)
- Richard Wetz
- Come across likewise: Messa per Rossini
20th century [edit]
- Julius Fučík (composer) (1915)
- Marking Alburger
- Malcolm Archer
- Vyacheslav Artyomov
- John Baboukis'southward Requiem Mass for G.K. Chesterton (1986)[5]
- Osvaldas Balakauskas
- Benjamin Britten
- Gavin Bryars
- Sylvano Bussotti's "Rara Requiem" (1969)
- Michel Chion
- Vladimir Dashkevich
- Stephen DeCesare'south "Requiem"
- James DeMars: An American Requiem
- Edison Denisov
- Alfred Desenclos (1963)
- Felix Draeseke (1910)
- Ralph Dunstan
- Maurice Duruflé
- Lorenzo Ferrero's Introito, part of the Requiem per le vittime della mafia
- Gerald Finzi's Requiem da camera
- John Foulds "A Earth Requiem"
- Howard Goodall's "Eternal Light: A Requiem"
- William Harper "Requiem"[6]
- Hans Werner Henze
- Frigyes Hidas
- Herbert Howells
- Sigurd Islandsmoen
- Karl Jenkins
- Dmitry Kabalevsky (1962)
- Volker David Kirchner
- Ståle Kleiberg
- Joonas Kokkonen
- Cyrillus Kreek
- Huub de Lange
- Morten Lauridsen "Lux Aeterna"
- Philip Ledger
- Kamilló Lendvay
- György Ligeti (1965)
- Nils Lindberg
- Andrew Lloyd Webber
- Fernando Lopes-Graça
- Roman Maciejewski
- Bruno Maderna (1946)
- Frank Martin Requiem (1972)
- Jean-Christian Michel
- Otto Olsson (1903)
- Ildebrando Pizzetti (1968)
- Jocelyn Pook
- Zbigniew Preisner "Requiem for My Friend (Preisner)"
- Aaron Robinson: "An American Requiem" (1997)
- John Rutter (1985)
- Joseph Ryelandt
- Shigeaki Saegusa
- Alfred Schnittke
- Giovanni Sgambati (1901)
- Valentin Silvestrov
- Fredrik Sixten
- Robert Steadman
- Igor Stravinsky
- Toru Takemitsu
- John Tavener
- Mikis Theodorakis
- Virgil Thomson
- Erkki-Sven Tüür
- Malcolm Williamson
- Bernd Alois Zimmermann: Requiem für einen jungen Dichter (1969)
21st century [edit]
- John Starr Alexander "Requiem" (2001)
- Kim André Arnesen "Requiem" (2013-2014)
- Lera Auerbach "Russian Requiem"
- Leonardo Balada "No-res (Cipher) - An Agnostic Requiem"
- Troy Banarzi "Requiem for the Missing" (2009)
- Virgin Black "Requiem Trilogy"
- Jamie Brown "A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek"
- Gavin Bryars "Cadman Requiem"
- Paul Carr "Requiem for an Angel"
- Bob Chilcott[7]
- Richard Danielpour "An American Requiem" (2001)
- Stephen DeCesare "Missa De Profunctis"
- Bradley Ellingboe
- Mohammed Fairouz "Requiem Mass"
- Dan Forrest: Requiem for the Living (2013)
- Eliza Gilkyson, arr. past Craig Hella Johnson "Requiem"
- Howard Goodall "Eternal Light: A Requiem" (2008)
- Steve Gray "Requiem For Choir and Big Ring"
- John Harbison: Requiem (2002)
- Patrick Hawes "Lazarus Requiem"[8]
- Tyzen Hsiao "Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs"
- Karl Jenkins "Requiem" (2004)
- Rami Khalifé "Requiem for Beirut" (2013)
- Iver Kleive
- Fan-Long Ko "2-28 Requiem" (2008)
- Thierry Lancino
- György Ligeti "Requiem" (2006)
- Christopher Rouse
- Carl Rütti "Requiem" (2007)
- Kentaro Sato
- Mattias Sköld "Requiem" (2007)
- Somtow Sucharitkul
- John Tavener "A Celtic Requiem" (1969) / "Requiem" (2008)
- Chris Williams "Tsunami Requiem"
- Mack Wilberg
- David Crowder Ring "Give The states Rest"
- António Pinho Vargas
- Ehsan Saboohi "Phonemes Requiem" (2014-2015)[nine]
- Gabriela Lena Frank "Conquest Requiem" (2017)[10]
- Ashley Bryan: "A Tender Bridge"[xi]
- Anlun Huang"Requiem" (2004)
- Xia Guan"Earth Requiem" (2009)
Requiem by language (other than Latin) [edit]
English with Latin
- Benjamin Britten: War Requiem
- Richard Danielpour: An American Requiem
- Howard Goodall: "Eternal Lite"
- Patrick Hawes "Lazarus Requiem"[8]
- Paul Hindemith: When lilacs last in the dooryard flower'd: A Requiem for those we beloved
- Herbert Howells
- John Rutter: Requiem
- Fredrik Sixten
- Sir Henry Walford Davies "A Short Requiem" (1915) 'In Sacred Memory of all those who have fallen in the state of war'
- Somtow Sucharitkul
- Mack Wilberg
- Aaron Robinson: "A Tender Bridge - An African American Requiem" (2018)[12] [13]
Cornish
- Jamie Brown: A Cornish Requiem / Requiem Kernewek
Estonian
- Cyrillus Kreek: Estonian Requiem
German
- Johannes Brahms: Ein deutsches Requiem
- Michael Praetorius
- Max Reger, Hebbel Requiem
- Franz Schubert
- Heinrich Schütz
French, Greek, with Latin
- Thierry Lancino
French, English, German with Latin
- Edison Denisov
- Jacques Hiver
Latin and Japanese
- Karl Jenkins: Requiem
- Hina Sakamoto: REQUIEM For the spirits of the victims of the Pacific War
Latin and German and others
- Bernd Alois Zimmermann: Requiem für einen jungen Dichter
Latin and Polish
- Krzysztof Penderecki: Smooth Requiem
- Zbigniew Preisner: Requiem for my friend
Latin and seventh Century Northumbrian
- Gavin Bryars Cadman Requiem
Russian
- Lera Auerbach – Russian Requiem, on Russian Orthodox sacred text and poetry
- Vladimir Dashkevich – Requiem (Text by Anna Akhmatova)
- Elena Firsova – Requiem, Op.100 (Text past Anna Akhmatova)
- Dmitri Kabalevsky – War Requiem (Text by Robert Rozhdestvensky)
- Sergei Taneyev – Cantata John of Damascus, Op.1 (Text by Alexey Tolstoy)
Chinese
- Tyzen Hsiao – Ilha Formosa: Requiem for Formosa's Martyrs, 2001 (Text by Min-yung Lee, 1994)
- Fan-Long Ko – 2-28 Requiem, 2008. (Text by Li Kuei-Hsien)
- Anlun Huang – Requiem, 2004. (Text by Youzhi Tang)
- Xia Guan – World Requiem, 2009. (Text past Lin Liu, Xiaoming Song)
Persian
- Ehsan Saboohi – Phonemes Requiem (For four Soloists, mixed Chorus, Didgeridoo, prepared Tombak, Electronics, Computer)[14]
Nonlinguistic
- Luciano Berio's Requies: in memoriam
- Benjamin Britten'southward Sinfonia da Requiem and Arthur Honegger's Symphonie Liturgique employ titles from the traditional Requiem as subtitles of movements.
- Carlo Forlivesi – Requiem, for viii-channel tape[15]
- Hans Werner Henze – Requiem (instrumental)
- Wojciech Kilar Requiem Begetter Kolbe
- John Zorn – Missa Sine Voces (instrumental)
Modern treatments [edit]
In the 20th century the requiem evolved in several new directions. One offshoot consists of compositions dedicated to the memory of people killed in wartime. These frequently include extra-liturgical poems of a pacifist or not-liturgical nature; for example, the War Requiem of Benjamin Britten juxtaposes the Latin text with the verse of Wilfred Owen, Krzysztof Penderecki's Shine Requiem includes a traditional Polish hymn inside the sequence, and Robert Steadman's Mass in Black intersperses environmental poesy and prophecies of Nostradamus. Holocaust Requiem may be regarded as a specific subset of this blazon. The Globe Requiem of John Foulds was written in the aftermath of the First World War and initiated the Regal British Legion's almanac festival of remembrance. Recent requiem works past Taiwanese composers Tyzen Hsiao and Fan-Long Ko follow in this tradition, honouring victims of the Feb 28 Incident and subsequent White Terror.
Lastly, the 20th century saw the development of the secular Requiem, written for public operation without specific religious observance, such equally Frederick Delius'southward Requiem, completed in 1916 and dedicated to "the memory of all young Artists fallen in the war",[xvi] and Dmitry Kabalevsky'south Requiem (Op. 72 – 1962), a setting of a poem written by Robert Rozhdestvensky especially for the composition.[17] Herbert Howells'south unaccompanied Requiem uses Psalm 23 ("The Lord is my shepherd"), Psalm 121 ("I will lift upwardly mine optics"), "Salvator mundi" ("O Saviour of the globe," in English), "Requiem aeternam" (2 different settings), and "I heard a voice from heaven." Some composers take written purely instrumental works bearing the title of requiem, as famously exemplified past Britten'south Sinfonia da Requiem. Hans Werner Henze's Das Floß der Medusa, written in 1968 as a requiem for Che Guevara, is properly speaking an oratorio; Henze's Requiem is instrumental but retains the traditional Latin titles for the movements. Igor Stravinsky's Requiem Canticles mixes instrumental movements with segments of the "Introit," "Dies irae," "Pie Jesu," and "Libera me."
Encounter also [edit]
- Church music
- Mass (music)
- Oratorio
- Vocal music
References [edit]
- ^ Nott, Charles C. (1902). The Vii Dandy Hymns of the Mediaeval Church. New York: Edwin S. Gorham. p. 45. Retrieved 6 July 2010.
nott vii great hymns.
- ^ "Mass | Grove Music". doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.45872. Retrieved 2018-09-13 .
- ^ a b c Fabrice Fitch: "Requiem (2)", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 21, 2007)
- ^ p. 8, Kinder (2000) Keith William. Westport, Connecticut. The Wind and Wind-Chorus Music of Anton Bruckner Greenwood Press
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2016-12-xvi .
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Requiem Survey". www.requiemsurvey.org.
- ^ Maddocks, Fiona (March 25, 2012). "Bob Chilcott: Requiem – review" – via www.theguardian.com.
- ^ a b "HAWES Lazarus Requiem - Signum SIGCD282 [JQ]: Classical Music Reviews - August 2012 MusicWeb-International". www.musicweb-international.com.
- ^ "Ehsan Saboohi - Phonemes Requiem". Discogs.
- ^ "The Sound of History—A New Requiem by Gabriela Lena Frank". April 18, 2017.
- ^ "Ashley Bryan". sealharborlibrary.me.
- ^ "Aaron Robinson (1907- )". pytheasmusic.org.
- ^ "Ashley Bryan, 95, 'always honored' to accept a new bear witness". pressherald.com.
- ^ "Phonemes Requiem, by Ehsan Saboohi". spectropolrecords.
- ^ ALM Records ALCD-76 Silenziosa Luna
- ^ Corleonis, Adrian. Requiem, for soprano, baritone, double chorus & orchestra, RT ii/8 All Music Guide, Retrieved 2011-02-20
- ^ Flaxman, Fred. Controversial Comrade Kabalevsky Compact Discoveries with Fred Flaxman, 2007, Retrieved 2011-02-twenty;
External links [edit]
- Mozart's "Requiem". Spanish Radio and Television Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, conductor. Live concert with the completion of its well-known unfinished musical score of the musicologist Robert Levin.
- Fauré'south "Requiem". Spanish Radio and Tv Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Petri Sakari, conductor. Live concert.
- Dvořák'southward "Requiem". Spanish Radio and Goggle box Symphony Orchestra and Chorus. Carlos Kalmar, usher. Live concert. Los conciertos de La 2 - Concierto RTVE A-v - RTVE.es
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_the_Requiem_Mass
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